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: 5 Cumania Įven after the Cumans were no longer the dominant power in their territory, people still referred to the area as Cumania. to Qun.' In the Hypatian Codex, a certain individual is called Kuman, while in the parallel account of the Laurentian Codex he is called Kun (' Polovčinu menem Kunui', Vásáry considers this a corruption of Kunu, Russian dative of Kun).

However, István Vásáry rejected Györffy's hypothesis and contended that 'the Hungarian name of the Cumans must go back to one of their self-appellations, i.e. Kun, Kunok – appeared as Cunus, Cuni in the chronicles and was applied to earlier nomads such as Pechenegs or Oghuzes, György Györffy derived Kun from Huns, instead of Qun, which he kept separate from Kun. Observing that the Hungarian exonym for Cumans – i.e. a traditional water vessel, known as a quman or.cream tones are found among Central Asian breeds such as the Akhal-Teke) : 51 While it is normally assumed that the name referred to the Cumans' hair, Imre Baski – a prominent Turkologist – has suggested that it may have other origins, including: In Turkic languages qu, qun, qūn, quman or qoman means 'pale, sallow, cream coloured', 'pale yellow', or 'yellowish grey'. Qumans were primarily used by Byzantine authors (and a few Arab sources), while the name used in Rus' tended to be 'Polovtsian'. Most other Turkic-speaking people (as well as most Muslim sources) called the Cumans some variant of 'Qipchaqs', while Armenians called them 'Xartesk'ns'. It is also often unclear whether a particular name refers to the Cumans alone, or to both the Cumans and the Kipchaks, as the two tribes often lived side by side. The original meaning of the endonym Cuman is unknown. 24 AD) refers to the Darial Gorge (also known as the Iberian Gates or the Caucasian Gates) as Porta Caucasica and Porta Cumana. The Roman natural philosopher Pliny the Elder (who lived in the 1st century AD), mentions 'a fortress, the name of which is Cumania, erected for the purpose of preventing the passage of the innumerable tribes that lay beyond' while describing the 'Gates of Caucasus' ( Derbent, or Darial Gorge). Names and etymology Cuman Ĭuman appears in ancient Roman texts as the name of a fortress or gate.

: 186 The Codex Cumanicus was a linguistic manual written to help Catholic missionaries communicate with the Cuman people. The Cuman language is attested in some medieval documents and is the best-known of the early Turkic languages.

The Cumans also played an important role in the Second Bulgarian Empire, the Byzantine Empire, the Latin Empire, and the Nicaea Empire's Anatolia. : 7 History of the Turkic peoples pre–14th centuryĪfter the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' in 1237, many Cumans sought asylum in the Kingdom of Hungary, as many of them had already settled there in the previous decades. : 50 Cuman and Kipchak tribes joined politically to create the Cuman–Kipchak confederation. : 281 The Cumans also played a prominent role in the Fourth Crusade and in the creation of the Second Bulgarian Empire. Many eventually settled west of the Black Sea, influencing the politics of Kievan Rus', the Galicia–Volhynia Principality, the Golden Horde Khanate, the Second Bulgarian Empire, the Kingdom of Serbia, the Kingdom of Hungary, Moldavia, the Kingdom of Georgia, the Byzantine Empire, the Empire of Nicaea, the Latin Empire and Wallachia, with Cuman immigrants becoming integrated into each country's elite. : 116 They were numerous, culturally sophisticated, and militarily powerful. : 7 The Cumans were fierce and formidable nomadic warriors of the Eurasian Steppe who exerted an enduring influence on the medieval Balkans. Related to the Pecheneg, they inhabited a shifting area north of the Black Sea and along the Volga River known as Cumania, from which the Cuman–Kipchaks meddled in the politics of the Caucasus and the Khwarazmian Empire. They are referred to as Polovtsy in Rus, Cumans in Western and Kipchaks in Eastern sources. The Cumans or Kumans ( Bulgarian: кумани, romanized: kumani German: Kumanen Hungarian: kunok Polish: kumany Romanian: cumanii Russian: половцы, romanized: polovtsy Ukrainian: половці, romanized: polovtsi) were a Turkic nomadic people from Central Asia comprising the western branch of the Cuman–Kipchak confederation who spoke the Cuman language. Kipchaks, Pecheneg, Tatars, Bashkirs, Nogais, Kazakhs Tengrism (historically), Christianity (in Balkans), Islam (in Anatolia, Balkans)

The Cuman–Kipchak confederation in Eurasia, circa 1200

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